溫度對通信開關電源性能和壽命的影響

tongxinkaiguandianyuandezhuyaobujianshigaopinkaiguanzhengliuqi，tashibansuigonglvdianzixuelilunhejishujigonglvdianziqijiandefazhanerzhujianfazhanchengshude。caiyongruankaiguanjishudezhengliuqi，gonghaobiandegengxiao，wendugengdi
，tijihezhongliangdouyoudafuduxiajiang，zhengtizhilianghekekaoxingbuduantigao。danshimeidanghuanjingwendushenggao10℃時，主要功率元件的壽命減少50％。出現這樣壽命迅速下降的原因都是由於溫度的變化。由各種微觀和宏觀機械應力集中所導致的疲勞失效,鐵磁性材料及其他零部件運行時在交變應力持續作用下,將萌生多種類型的微觀內部缺陷。因此保證設備的有效散熱
，是保證設備可靠性和壽命的必要條件。

工作溫度與功率電子組件的可靠性和壽命的關係

dianyuanshiyizhongdiannengzhuanhuanshebei，zaizhuanhuanguochengzhongbenshenxuyaoxiaohaodiaoyixiedianneng，erzhexiediannengzebeizhuanhuaweireliangshichu。dianziyuanjiangongzuodewendingxingyulaohuasudushihehuanjingwenduxixixiangguande。gonglvdianzizujianshiyouduozhongbandaoticailiaozuchengde。youyugonglvyuanjiangongzuoshidesunhaoshiyouqizishenfarelaisanshi
，suoyipengzhangxishubutongdeduozhongcailiaoxianghulianxiderexunhuanhuiyinqifeichangxianzhudeyingli
，shenzhiyoukenengdaozhishunjianduanlie
，shiyuanjianshixiao。ruogonglvyuanjianchangqigongzuozaiyichangdewendutiaojianxia
，huiyinfajiangdaozhiduanliedepilao。youyubandaoticunzairepilaoshouming
，zhejiuyaoqiuqiyinggaigongzuozaixiangduiwendinghedidewendufanweinei。

同時快速的冷熱變化會暫時的產生半導體溫度差

，從而會產生熱應力與熱衝擊。使元件承受熱――jixieyingli，dangwenchaguodashi
，daozhiyuanjiandebutongcailiaobufenchanshengyingliliewen。shiyuanjianguozaoshixiao。zheyejiuyaoqiugonglvyuanjianyinggongzuozaixiangduiwendingdegongzuowendufanweinei
，jianshaowendudejijubianhua，yixiaochureyinglichongjideyingxiang
，baozhengyuanjianchangqikekaodegongzuo。

工作溫度對變壓器的絕緣能力影響

變bian壓ya器qi的de初chu級ji繞rao組zu通tong電dian後hou，線xian圈quan所suo產chan生sheng的de磁ci通tong在zai鐵tie心xin流liu動dong

，由you於yu鐵tie心xin本ben身shen是shi導dao體ti
，在zai垂chui直zhi於yu磁ci力li線xian的de平ping麵mian上shang會hui產chan生sheng感gan應ying電dian勢shi，在zai鐵tie心xin的de斷duan麵mian上shang形xing成cheng閉bi合he回hui路lu並bing產chan生sheng電dian流liu，稱cheng為wei“渦流”。這個“渦流”使變壓器的損耗增加，並使變壓器的鐵心發熱變壓器的溫升增加。由“渦流”所產生的損耗稱為“鐵損”。另(ling)外(wai)要(yao)繞(rao)製(zhi)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)使(shi)用(yong)的(de)銅(tong)線(xian)
，這(zhe)些(xie)銅(tong)導(dao)線(xian)存(cun)在(zai)著(zhe)電(dian)阻(zu)，電(dian)流(liu)流(liu)過(guo)時(shi)這(zhe)電(dian)阻(zu)會(hui)消(xiao)耗(hao)一(yi)定(ding)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)，這(zhe)部(bu)分(fen)損(sun)耗(hao)變(bian)成(cheng)熱(re)量(liang)而(er)消(xiao)耗(hao)
，稱(cheng)這(zhe)種(zhong)損(sun)耗(hao)為(wei)“銅損”。所以鐵損和銅損是變壓器工作產生溫升的主要原因。

由(you)於(yu)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)工(gong)作(zuo)溫(wen)度(du)升(sheng)，必(bi)然(ran)造(zao)成(cheng)線(xian)圈(quan)老(lao)化(hua)
，當(dang)其(qi)絕(jue)緣(yuan)性(xing)能(neng)下(xia)降(jiang)後(hou)，導(dao)致(zhi)抗(kang)市(shi)電(dian)的(de)衝(chong)擊(ji)能(neng)力(li)減(jian)弱(ruo)。這(zhe)時(shi)若(ruo)有(you)雷(lei)擊(ji)或(huo)市(shi)電(dian)浪(lang)湧(yong)出(chu)現(xian)時(shi)，在(zai)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的(de)初(chu)級(ji)出(chu)現(xian)的(de)高(gao)反(fan)壓(ya)會(hui)將(jiang)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)擊(ji)穿(chuan)，使(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)失(shi)效(xiao)，同(tong)時(shi)還(hai)有(you)高(gao)壓(ya)串(chuan)入(ru)通(tong)信(xin)主(zhu)設(she)備(bei)，組(zu)成(cheng)主(zhu)設(she)備(bei)損(sun)壞(huai)的(de)危(wei)險(xian)。

冷卻方式對電源工作溫度的影響

電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)散(san)熱(re)一(yi)般(ban)采(cai)用(yong)直(zhi)接(jie)傳(chuan)導(dao)和(he)對(dui)流(liu)傳(chuan)導(dao)二(er)種(zhong)方(fang)式(shi)
，直(zhi)接(jie)熱(re)傳(chuan)導(dao)是(shi)熱(re)能(neng)沿(yan)物(wu)體(ti)從(cong)溫(wen)度(du)高(gao)的(de)一(yi)端(duan)向(xiang)溫(wen)度(du)低(di)的(de)一(yi)端(duan)傳(chuan)遞(di)
，其(qi)熱(re)傳(chuan)導(dao)的(de)能(neng)力(li)穩(wen)定(ding)。對(dui)流(liu)傳(chuan)導(dao)是(shi)液(ye)體(ti)或(huo)氣(qi)體(ti)通(tong)過(guo)回(hui)轉(zhuan)運(yun)動(dong)
，使(shi)溫(wen)度(du)趨(qu)於(yu)均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)過(guo)程(cheng)。由(you)於(yu)對(dui)流(liu)傳(chuan)導(dao)牽(qian)扯(che)到(dao)動(dong)力(li)過(guo)程(cheng)，降(jiang)溫(wen)比(bi)較(jiao)順(shun)速(su)。

將(jiang)發(fa)元(yuan)件(jian)安(an)裝(zhuang)在(zai)金(jin)屬(shu)散(san)熱(re)器(qi)上(shang)，通(tong)過(guo)擠(ji)壓(ya)熱(re)表(biao)麵(mian)，實(shi)現(xian)高(gao)低(di)不(bu)等(deng)能(neng)量(liang)體(ti)傳(chuan)遞(di)能(neng)量(liang)

，能(neng)夠(gou)依(yi)靠(kao)大(da)麵(mian)積(ji)的(de)散(san)熱(re)片(pian)輻(fu)射(she)出(chu)去(qu)的(de)能(neng)量(liang)並(bing)不(bu)多(duo)。這(zhe)種(zhong)熱(re)傳(chuan)導(dao)方(fang)式(shi)稱(cheng)為(wei)自(zi)然(ran)冷(leng)卻(que)，它(ta)對(dui)熱(re)量(liang)散(san)失(shi)延(yan)遲(chi)時(shi)間(jian)較(jiao)長(chang)。換(huan)熱(re)量(liang)Q＝KA△t（K換熱係數，A換熱麵積,△t溫度差）
，若室內環境溫度偏高
，△t的絕對值就小，這時這種傳熱方式的散熱性能就會大大下降。

在(zai)電(dian)源(yuan)中(zhong)增(zeng)加(jia)風(feng)扇(shan)將(jiang)能(neng)量(liang)轉(zhuan)換(huan)中(zhong)堆(dui)積(ji)的(de)熱(re)量(liang)迅(xun)速(su)排(pai)出(chu)電(dian)源(yuan)之(zhi)外(wai)。風(feng)扇(shan)對(dui)散(san)熱(re)片(pian)的(de)持(chi)續(xu)送(song)風(feng)，則(ze)可(ke)以(yi)被(bei)視(shi)為(wei)對(dui)流(liu)傳(chuan)遞(di)能(neng)量(liang)。稱(cheng)為(wei)風(feng)扇(shan)冷(leng)卻(que)，這(zhe)種(zhong)散(san)熱(re)方(fang)式(shi)的(de)延(yan)遲(chi)時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)長(chang)。散(san)熱(re)量(liang)Q＝Km△t（K換熱係數，m換熱空氣質量,△t溫度差）,一旦風扇發生轉速降低、停轉，m值將迅速降低，電源中堆積的熱量將會很難散失，這就會大大增加電源內電容
、變壓器等電子元件的老化速度並影響其輸出質量的穩定性，最終導致元器件燒毀、設備失效。

通信電源散熱的主要方法及優缺點

tongxinkaiguandianyuanlengqujishudeshejishouxianyaoshimanzuxingyegexiangjishuxingnengyaoqiu。weigengjiashiyingtongxinjifangdeteshuhuanjingshiyonghuanjing，yaoqiuqilengquefangshiduihuanjingwendubianhuashiyingxingqiang。muqianzhengliuqichangyongdelengquefangshiyouziranlengque、純風扇冷卻、自然冷卻和風扇冷卻相結合三種。自然冷卻具有無機械故障，可靠性高

；無空氣流動
，灰塵少，有利於散熱；無(wu)噪(zao)音(yin)等(deng)特(te)點(dian)。純(chun)風(feng)扇(shan)冷(leng)卻(que)具(ju)有(you)設(she)備(bei)重(zhong)量(liang)輕(qing)，成(cheng)本(ben)低(di)。風(feng)扇(shan)和(he)自(zi)然(ran)冷(leng)卻(que)相(xiang)結(jie)合(he)的(de)技(ji)術(shu)具(ju)有(you)有(you)效(xiao)減(jian)小(xiao)設(she)備(bei)體(ti)積(ji)和(he)重(zhong)量(liang)
，風(feng)扇(shan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)高(gao)，風(feng)扇(shan)故(gu)障(zhang)自(zi)適(shi)應(ying)能(neng)力(li)強(qiang)等(deng)特(te)點(dian)。

自然冷卻

自然冷卻方式是開關電源早期的傳統冷卻方式
，這種方式主要是依靠大的金屬散熱器來進行直接的熱傳導式散熱。換熱量Q＝KA△t（K換熱係數，A換熱麵積,△t溫度差）。當整流器輸出功率增大時，其功率元件的溫度會上升，△t溫度差也增加，所以當整流器A換huan熱re麵mian積ji足zu夠gou時shi，其qi散san熱re是shi沒mei有you時shi間jian滯zhi後hou，功gong率lv元yuan件jian的de溫wen差cha小xiao，其qi熱re應ying力li與yu熱re衝chong擊ji小xiao。但dan這zhe種zhong方fang式shi的de主zhu要yao缺que點dian就jiu是shi散san熱re片pian體ti積ji和he重zhong量liang大da。變bian壓ya器qi的de繞rao製zhi為wei盡jin可ke能neng降jiang低di溫wen升sheng，防fang止zhi溫wen度du的de上shang升sheng影ying響xiang其qi工gong作zuo性xing能neng
，所suo以yi其qi材cai料liao選xuan擇ze的de裕yu量liang較jiao大da
，變bian壓ya器qi的de體ti積ji和he重zhong量liang也ye大da。整zheng流liu器qi的de材cai料liao成cheng本ben高gao
，維wei護hu更geng換huan不bu方fang便bian。由you於yu其qi對dui環huan境jing的de潔jie淨jing度du要yao求qiu不bu高gao，目mu前qian對dui於yu小xiao容rong量liang通tong信xin電dian源yuan，在zai些xie小xiao型xing專zhuan業ye通tong信xin網wang還hai有you部bu分fen應ying用yong，如ru電dian力li、石油、廣電、軍隊、水利、國安、公安等。

風扇冷卻

隨著風扇製造技術的發展，風扇的工作穩定性和使用壽命有較大的進步，其平均無故障時間是5萬wan小xiao時shi。采cai用yong風feng扇shan散san熱re後hou可ke以yi減jian去qu笨ben重zhong的de散san熱re器qi，使shi得de整zheng流liu器qi的de體ti積ji和he重zhong量liang大da大da改gai善shan，原yuan材cai料liao成cheng本ben也ye大da大da降jiang低di。隨sui市shi場chang競jing爭zheng的de加jia劇ju，市shi場chang價jia格ge的de下xia滑hua

，這zhe種zhong技ji術shu已yi成cheng為wei當dang前qian的de主zhu要yao潮chao流liu。

這種方式的主要缺點是風扇的平均無故障時間較整流器10萬(wan)小(xiao)時(shi)時(shi)間(jian)短(duan)

，若(ruo)風(feng)扇(shan)故(gu)障(zhang)後(hou)對(dui)電(dian)源(yuan)的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)率(lv)影(ying)響(xiang)大(da)。所(suo)以(yi)為(wei)保(bao)證(zheng)風(feng)扇(shan)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)壽(shou)命(ming)
，風(feng)扇(shan)的(de)轉(zhuan)速(su)是(shi)隨(sui)設(she)備(bei)內(nei)的(de)溫(wen)度(du)變(bian)化(hua)而(er)變(bian)化(hua)的(de)。其(qi)散(san)熱(re)量(liang)Q＝Km△t（K換熱係數

，m換熱空氣質量,△t溫度差）。mhuanrekongqizhiliangshihefengshandezhuansuxiangguan，dangzhengliuqishuchugonglvzengdashi，qigonglvyuanjiandewenduhuishangsheng，ergonglvyuanjianwendudebianhuadaozhengliuqinengjiangzhezhongbianhuajiancedao
，zaidaozengjiafengshandezhuansuyijiaqiangsanre，zaishijianshangshiyouhendazhihoude。ruguofuzaijingchangtubian，huozheshidianshurubodongda
，jiuhuizaochenggonglvyuanjianchuxiankuaisudelengrebianhua，zhezhongtubiandebandaotiwenduchachanshengdereyingliyurechongji，huidaozhiyuanjiandebutongcailiaobufenchanshengyingliliewen。shizhiguozaoshixiao。

風扇和自然冷卻相結合

youyuhuanjingwendudebianhuahefuzaidebianhua
，dianyuangongzuoshidehaosanreneng
，caiyongfengshanheziranlengquefangshixiangjiehekeyigengkuaidejiangrenengsanfachuqu。zhezhongfangshizaizengjiafengshansanredetongshi
，keyijianshaosanreqimianji
，shidegonglvyuanjiangongzuozaixiangduiwendingdewenduchangtiaojianxia

，shiyongshoumingbuhuiyinweiwaibutiaojianbianhuanshouyingxiang。zheyangbujinkefuchunfengshanlengqueduidegonglvyuanjiansanretiaojiezhihoudequedian，yelebimianfengshanshiyongshoumingdiyingxiangzhengliuqidezhengtikekaoxing。youqizaijifangdehuanjingwenduhenbuwendingdeqingkuangxia，caiyongfenglenghezilengxiangjiehedelengquejishujuyougenghaodelengquexingneng。zhezhongfangshizhengliuqidecailiaochengbenzaichunfengshanlengquheziranlengqueliangzhongfangshizhijian，zhongliangdi
，weihufangbian。

尤(you)其(qi)在(zai)采(cai)用(yong)智(zhi)能(neng)風(feng)冷(leng)和(he)自(zi)冷(leng)技(ji)術(shu)時(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)讓(rang)整(zheng)流(liu)器(qi)在(zai)低(di)負(fu)載(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)
，模(mo)塊(kuai)溫(wen)升(sheng)小(xiao)，模(mo)塊(kuai)風(feng)扇(shan)處(chu)於(yu)低(di)速(su)運(yun)轉(zhuan)狀(zhuang)態(tai)。在(zai)高(gao)負(fu)載(zai)工(gong)作(zuo)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)，模(mo)塊(kuai)升(sheng)溫(wen)。模(mo)塊(kuai)升(sheng)溫(wen)超(chao)過(guo)55℃。fengshanzhuansusuiwendubianhuaxianxingzengchang。fengshanguzhangzaiweijiance，fengshanguzhanghou，fengshanguzhangxianliushuchu，tongshiguzhangbaojing。youyufengshanyunzhuanshuduyufuzaidaxiaoxiangguan，shidefengshandeshiyongshoumingbichunfenglengshiyaochang
，qikekaoxingyedadatigao。

tongxinkaiguandianyuancaiyongfengshanheziranlengquexiangjiehedelengquefangshi，jinengzaihuanjingwendugaodeqingkuangxia，youxiaodejiangdizhengliuqineibudegongzuowendu，yanchangqijianshiyongshouming
，younengzaihuanjingwendudijifuzaidideqingkuangxia，zhengliuqidefengshanjiangdizhuansugongzuo，yanchangfengshandeshiyongshouming。caiyongsanreqisanre，qiqijianjianjujipadianjulikexiangduijiaoyuan
，zaigaoshidudeqingkuangxia，，anquanxingnenggao。zhengliuqitijijiaoxiao
、重量較輕，使維護工作變得輕鬆。

為wei保bao證zheng通tong信xin開kai關guan電dian源yuan的de整zheng流liu器qi的de可ke靠kao穩wen定ding工gong作zuo，減jian少shao其qi工gong作zuo溫wen升sheng是shi一yi項xiang關guan鍵jian技ji術shu。采cai用yong智zhi能neng風feng冷leng和he自zi冷leng相xiang結jie合he技ji術shu。具ju有you對dui環huan境jing適shi應ying性xing更geng強qiang
，使shi用yong壽shou命ming長chang，可ke靠kao穩wen定ding等deng技ji術shu優you勢shi。