無傳感器洗衣機電機驅動設計
發布時間:2011-03-10
洗衣機電機驅動的中心議題:
用於風機、水泵、空調、冰箱、洗衣機、電(dian)梯(ti)和(he)傳(chuan)輸(shu)等(deng)應(ying)用(yong)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)著(zhe)全(quan)球(qiu)半(ban)數(shu)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)能(neng),其(qi)中(zhong)大(da)多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)僅(jin)能(neng)簡(jian)單(dan)開(kai)啟(qi)和(he)關(guan)斷(duan)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)高(gao)能(neng)耗(hao)機(ji)電(dian)驅(qu)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。僅(jin)在(zai)家(jia)電(dian)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)以(yi)變(bian)頻(pin)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)替(ti)代(dai)這(zhe)些(xie)低(di)效(xiao)率(lv)電(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)削(xue)減(jian)多(duo)達(da)60%的de能neng源yuan消xiao耗hao。大da部bu分fen家jia電dian采cai用yong通tong用yong直zhi流liu電dian機ji或huo單dan相xiang交jiao流liu感gan應ying電dian機ji,其qi速su度du控kong製zhi方fang法fa相xiang當dang粗cu略lve,要yao麼me采cai用yong開kai斷duan控kong製zhi,要yao麼me依yi靠kao可ke控kong矽gui控kong製zhi導dao通tong相xiang角jiao,其qi典dian型xing係xi統tong效xiao率lv最zui高gao也ye就jiu能neng達da到dao50%左右。不過,隨著高效功率器件和先進數字控製器的問世,將更具效率的電機和控製技術應用於最新家電已經成為可能。
交流電機的選擇
任(ren)何(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)軸(zhou)端(duan)輸(shu)出(chu)力(li)矩(ju)都(dou)取(qu)決(jue)於(yu)定(ding)子(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)間(jian)的(de)耦(ou)合(he)角(jiao)。定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)磁(ci)化(hua)力(li)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)隙(xi)磁(ci)通(tong)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)產(chan)生(sheng)力(li)矩(ju),該(gai)力(li)矩(ju)趨(qu)於(yu)將(jiang)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)對(dui)齊(qi),當(dang)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)化(hua)電(dian)流(liu)矢(shi)量(liang)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)矢(shi)量(liang)相(xiang)位(wei)錯(cuo)開(kai)90° shi,gailijudadaozuidazhi。zaizhiliudianjizhong,yongcitigudingbudong,youhuanxiangqihedianshuadeqiehuanzuoyongquebaodianshucichangyudingzicijizhengqueduiqi。zaijiaoliudianjizhong,qixicichangxuanzhuan,buguo,zhiyaodingzihezhuanzicichangdexuanzhuanpinlvbaochitongburengjiukeyichanshenghengdingliju。
交流電機具有兩種主要類型:同步電機和感應式電機(也通常稱作異步電機)。zaitongbujiaoliudianjizhong,zhuanzicichangyouzhuanziraozuzhongdezhiliudianliuhuozheyouyongcitichansheng,weichanshenghengdingliju,dingzidianliubixuyuzhuanzijiaoduhexuanzhuanpinlvbaochitongbu。zaiganyingshidianjizhong,zhuanzicichangyoudingzitongguobianyaqixiaoyingzaizhuanzizhongchanshengdeganyingdianliuxingcheng,yinci,dingzihezhuanzicichangdepinlvkezixingtongbu。ganyingshidianjijingzhishi,yuzhuanzixianquanouhedecitongyudingzicichangtongpin,yinerzhuanzidianliuyeyudingzidianliutongpin;感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)時(shi),轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)的(de)耦(ou)合(he)頻(pin)率(lv)是(shi)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)差(cha)值(zhi),即(ji)所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)滑(hua)差(cha)頻(pin)率(lv),如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)機(ji)以(yi)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),則(ze)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)恒(heng)定(ding),無(wu)法(fa)感(gan)生(sheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)電(dian)流(liu),因(yin)而(er)力(li)矩(ju)輸(shu)出(chu)為(wei)零(ling)。感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)總(zong)是(shi)以(yi)略(lve)低(di)於(yu)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)某(mou)種(zhong)轉(zhuan)速(su)運(yun)行(xing),如(ru)果(guo)負(fu)載(zai)增(zeng)加(jia),則(ze)轉(zhuan)速(su)下(xia)降(jiang),滑(hua)差(cha)頻(pin)率(lv)升(sheng)高(gao),從(cong)而(er)感(gan)生(sheng)出(chu)更(geng)大(da)的(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)電(dian)流(liu)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)。
ganyingshidianjiguangfanyingyongyugongyehejiayongdianqidenglingyu,youqishizaixuyaogudingsududechanghe。ganyingshidianjidezhongyaoyoushizaiyukezhijiejierujiaoliudianwangbingqidongyunxing。fanzhi,tongbudianjizaijierujiaoliudianwangzhiqian,qikaihuanshuchudianyadefuzhihepinlvbixuyudianwangchongfenpipei。daxingtongbudianjizhengpubianyingyongyufadianlingyu,erqietongyigonggongdianwangzhonghuijieruduotaifadianji。
在變頻應用中,為驅動係統選擇電機是非顯性的。感應式電機的逆變驅動廣泛采用開環電壓/pinlvdesudukongzhifangan。ruguocaiyongsuduchuanganqi,yeyoukenengshixianganyingshidianjidebihuankongzhi,jitongguogaibiandianjidehuachapinlvyikongzhidianjichanshengdeliju。raner,youyuzhuanzidianliuwufaceliangyijizhuanzidianlushijianchangshuhenda,yinerhennanshixianganyingshidianjidegaodongtaikongzhi。 與之相反,隻要知道轉子的角位置,就能夠十分方便地實現同步電機的高動態力矩控製。
永磁同步電機(Permanent magnet synchronous machines ,簡稱PMSM)在(zai)工(gong)業(ye)伺(si)服(fu)領(ling)域(yu)已(yi)經(jing)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)年(nian)。由(you)於(yu)采(cai)用(yong)永(yong)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)子(zi),因(yin)而(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)十(shi)分(fen)高(gao)效(xiao),與(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi),能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)供(gong)高(gao)得(de)多(duo)的(de)連(lian)續(xu)力(li)矩(ju)。然(ran)而(er),需(xu)要(yao)以(yi)霍(huo)耳(er)效(xiao)應(ying)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)或(huo)者(zhe)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)等(deng)位(wei)置(zhi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)其(qi)軸(zhou)角(jiao)位(wei)置(zhi),這(zhe)種(zhong)對(dui)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)位(wei)置(zhi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)曾(zeng)使(shi)其(qi)應(ying)用(yong)僅(jin)僅(jin)局(ju)限(xian)於(yu)高(gao)端(duan)工(gong)業(ye)驅(qu)動(dong)領(ling)域(yu),但(dan)是(shi)近(jin)些(xie)年(nian)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)“無傳感器”控製算法已使其在家電領域的應用不斷增加。
壓ya縮suo機ji速su度du控kong製zhi是shi永yong磁ci同tong步bu電dian機ji進jin入ru家jia電dian領ling域yu的de最zui初chu應ying用yong之zhi一yi。用yong於yu空kong調tiao和he冰bing箱xiang的de傳chuan統tong壓ya縮suo機ji采cai用yong依yi靠kao電dian網wang頻pin率lv運yun行xing於yu固gu定ding速su度du的de感gan應ying式shi電dian機ji,壓ya縮suo機ji尺chi寸cun必bi須xu滿man足zu開kai機ji後hou的de最zui大da負fu載zai狀zhuang況kuang,但dan是shi在zai正zheng常chang運yun行xing中zhong,要yao維wei持chi設she定ding溫wen度du,壓ya縮suo機ji就jiu得de以yi相xiang當dang低di的de占zhan空kong比bi循xun環huan斷duan續xu工gong作zuo。然ran而er,采cai用yong壓ya縮suo機ji速su度du控kong製zhi後hou,就jiu可ke以yi為wei正zheng常chang運yun行xing選xuan取qu最zui有you效xiao的de工gong作zuo速su度du。僅jin采cai用yong速su度du控kong製zhi這zhe一yi項xiang就jiu可ke以yi使shi功gong效xiao提ti高gao30%以上,另外,由於永磁電機具備更高的效率,因而還能額外提高15%功效。如今,在關注能源成本的區域市場,如日本等,幾乎90%的空調和超過50%的家用冰箱都已采用壓縮機速度控製。
最(zui)初(chu)的(de)無(wu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)控(kong)製(zhi)器(qi)采(cai)用(yong)六(liu)拍(pai)換(huan)相(xiang)相(xiang)序(xu)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu),並(bing)通(tong)過(guo)監(jian)測(ce)開(kai)路(lu)繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)估(gu)計(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)。該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)供(gong)高(gao)魯(lu)棒(bang)性(xing)的(de)速(su)度(du)控(kong)製(zhi),但(dan)是(shi)無(wu)法(fa)提(ti)供(gong)平(ping)滑(hua)的(de)電(dian)機(ji)力(li)矩(ju)。其(qi)首(shou)要(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi):采用六拍換相相序時,要產生恒定力矩,電機就必須具備梯形反電勢波形,而不是通常的正弦波形;qici,gengdadewentizaiyuhuanxiangguochengzhongdianliuqiehuanzhihouxuraozushisuoyinrudelijubodong。youyudianjifandianshihuijiasutuichuxiangdedianliushuaijian,bingfangaijinruxiangdedianliushangsheng,yineryunxingsuduyuegao,wentiyebiandeyuezao。dianjilijubodongdegaojiexiebochengfenrongyiyinqixitongdejixiegongzhen,huizaifengji、洗衣機、水泵和空調中產生音頻噪聲。然而,這種控製器十分簡單,便於實現,所以仍舊在不需要平滑力矩控製的場合中有所采用。
由於采用基於DSP和RISC的低成本控製器能夠實現更為複雜的控製算法,因而另一種可選的無傳感器控製方案近年來變得流行起來。“最新無傳感器”kongzhiyunxuyizhengxiandianyahedianliuboxingqudongyongcitongbudianji,bingyidianjidianliudeceliangzhiweijichugujizhuanziweizhi,gaisuanfakeyiyouxiaoditigonghengdingliju,qiemeiyouqianmiantidaodeliupaikongzhiqisuodaiyoudeyinpinzaoshengwenti。lingwai,gaisuanfakeyiyouxinxingkongzhiqiyingjianjiegoushixian,bingqiewuxurenheruanjianbianmajiunengyouxiaodishixianfuzakongzhi。zhuanyongjichengshejipingtaidehexinshizuixindewuchuanganqikongzhiqi,yiweiraokongzhihegonglvdianziyuanjiandefujiajichenggongnengdengnantiweizhongdian,bansuijianrongxinpiansheji,keyiwanchenggaipingtaishejifangfa,qizhongdianbaokuokeyiweishuzikongzhixinpianhegonglvjizhijiantigongbiyaolianjiedesanxiangnibianqiqudongxinpianhegaoyadianliuchuanganxinpian。
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無需軟件的最新無傳感器永磁同步電機控製
最新無傳感器算法基於如圖1所(suo)示(shi)的(de)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)簡(jian)化(hua)模(mo)型(xing),電(dian)機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)波(bo)形(xing)為(wei)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)度(du)的(de)正(zheng)弦(xian)函(han)數(shu),因(yin)而(er)能(neng)夠(gou)用(yong)於(yu)測(ce)量(liang)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)度(du)。通(tong)過(guo)測(ce)量(liang)外(wai)加(jia)定(ding)子(zi)電(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)流(liu)入(ru)定(ding)子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)可(ke)以(yi)計(ji)算(suan)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)。為(wei)簡(jian)化(hua)數(shu)學(xue)運(yun)算(suan),可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用(yong) Clarke變換將三相電路變換為兩相等效模型,這樣就可以用轉子角度的正弦和餘弦函數表示反電勢,其等效電路可以由以下方程描述:
為wei提ti取qu轉zhuan子zi角jiao度du,可ke以yi對dui反fan電dian勢shi項xiang進jin行xing積ji分fen以yi計ji算suan轉zhuan子zi磁ci通tong,該gai磁ci通tong與yu速su度du無wu關guan。最zui後hou,由you於yu正zheng弦xian和he餘yu弦xian磁ci通tong項xiang的de比bi例li與yu磁ci通tong的de幅fu值zhi無wu關guan,因yin而er可ke用yong來lai精jing確que估gu計ji轉zhuan子zi的de角jiao度du和he速su度du。
角度估計是實現控製算法的關鍵環節,不過,要實現圖2zhongyijiegoutumiaoshudekongzhixitongrengxuyaoxuduoqitagongneng。gaikongzhiqiyouyigesuduwaihuanheyigedingzidianliuneihuangoucheng,keyifenbiechanshengcankaolijuhuozhekongzhishijiayuraozudedianya。dingzidianliukongzhihuanyouxuanzhuancankaozuobiaoxizhongdecichangdingxiangkongzhi(Field Oriented Control,簡稱 FOC)技術實現,矢量以轉子角度為函數旋轉,將定子電流變換為兩個準直流分量ID和IQ。IQ電流分量與轉子磁通正交並產生力矩,其參考值來自速度環輸出。ID電流與轉子磁通對齊,可以增強或削弱轉子磁通。在多數速度範圍內ID給定值為零,不過,如果需要擴展到恒功率速度範圍,則可以通過ID設定實現弱磁控製,這對於洗衣機等需要很高旋轉速度的應用非常有用。
無傳感器磁場定向控製算法能夠以全新的控製器體係結構實現。圖2中所示控製係統的每個功能都可以用硬件宏模塊實現,而不是軟件。諸如比例積分控製、矢量旋轉和Clarke變換等功能可共用於所有交流電機控製係統。如圖3所示,運動控製引擎(Motion Control Engine)庫中包含交流電機控製模塊和其它通用模塊。獲取電機控製芯片,就能夠取得MCE庫,以及模擬輸入和空間矢量PWM控製等功能。開發人員可以使用圖形工具將元件從MCE庫拖入自己的控製係統設計,然後利用圖形編譯器將控製設計翻譯為MCExuliezhiling,yizhengqueshunxulianjieyingjianhongmokuaicongershixianzijidekongzhixitong。gaifangfakeyibubizaikaifaguochengzhongjinxingruanjianbianma,jinengjieshengshijian,younengjianshaocuowu。
洗衣機電機的控製選擇
精(jing)確(que)控(kong)製(zhi)滾(gun)筒(tong)轉(zhuan)速(su)對(dui)於(yu)控(kong)製(zhi)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)和(he)波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)的(de)洗(xi)滌(di)動(dong)作(zuo)都(dou)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)。滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)已(yi)經(jing)在(zai)歐(ou)洲(zhou)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)年(nian),而(er)且(qie)目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)北(bei)美(mei)也(ye)變(bian)得(de)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)流(liu)行(xing)起(qi)來(lai)。波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)衣(yi)物(wu)完(wan)全(quan)浸(jin)沒(mei)於(yu)水(shui)中(zhong),而(er)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)的(de)摔(shuai)打(da)作(zuo)用(yong)隻(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)滾(gun)筒(tong)底(di)部(bu)裝(zhuang)水(shui),這(zhe)樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)低(di)用(yong)水(shui)量(liang),並(bing)從(cong)根(gen)本(ben)上(shang)節(jie)約(yue)加(jia)熱(re)洗(xi)滌(di)用(yong)水(shui)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)。
在滾筒式洗衣機中,決定洗滌動作的關鍵因素是滾筒轉速。滾筒的臨界轉速取決於滾筒半徑,高於該轉速時,衣物會貼在滾筒壁上;處於該轉速時,旋轉產生的離心力恰好與衣物的重力平衡;diyugaizhuansushi,yiwujiangtiezaiguntongbishang,zhidaoyanbanjingfangxiangdezhonglifenliangchaoguolixinli,yidanshengzhigaijiaodu,yiwujiuhuizhuiluodaoguntongdibu。youyuguntongzhuansukejuedingyiwudexidilidu,yinerkeyiweijingxizhiwuxuanzeqingroudexidixunhuanfangshi。zaichuantongdebolunshixiyijizhong,youshiyongchilunxiangheliheqidejixiejiegouchanshengjiaodongzuoyong,yiner,yinruzhuansukongzhixitongbujinnenggoujianhuajixiexitong,erqienenggoukongzhixidixunhuan。kongzhixididongzuodezhuansuhejiaodukeyishixitongshejirenyuangenghaodichulixidizuoyong,congerkaifachugengjieshuidexidixunhuanfangshi。
前麵描述的許多電機轉速控製選項都可以應用於洗衣機。歐洲的滾筒式洗衣機不使用交流電機,而是使用一種通用的“有刷”電機,而美國的洗衣機使用較大的滾筒尺寸,因而其電機的功率範圍需超出通用電機方案。
雖(sui)然(ran)目(mu)前(qian)仍(reng)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji),但(dan)是(shi)近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)正(zheng)逐(zhu)步(bu)成(cheng)為(wei)首(shou)選(xuan)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)。感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)來(lai)自(zi)電(dian)流(liu),且(qie)必(bi)須(xu)由(you)定(ding)子(zi)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)產(chan)生(sheng),為(wei)產(chan)生(sheng)力(li)矩(ju),電(dian)流(liu)需(xu)同(tong)時(shi)流(liu)經(jing)定(ding)子(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu),其(qi)總(zong)銅(tong)損(sun)為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)兩(liang)倍(bei)以(yi)上(shang)。 由(you)於(yu)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)比(bi)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)更(geng)高(gao)效(xiao),因(yin)而(er)與(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)功(gong)率(lv)等(deng)級(ji)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi),鋼(gang)鐵(tie)和(he)銅(tong)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)更(geng)少(shao)。在(zai)過(guo)去(qu)幾(ji)年(nian)中(zhong),全(quan)球(qiu)銅(tong)價(jia)和(he)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)價(jia)格(ge)幾(ji)乎(hu)翻(fan)了(le)一(yi)倍(bei),與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)卻(que)在(zai)下(xia)降(jiang)。如(ru)此(ci)看(kan)來(lai),永(yong)磁(ci)不(bu)僅(jin)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)高(gao)效(xiao),而(er)且(qie)目(mu)前(qian)也(ye)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)不(bu)再(zai)昂(ang)貴(gui)。許(xu)多(duo)家(jia)電(dian)製(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)正(zheng)在(zai)將(jiang)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)用(yong)於(yu)波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)和(he)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji),其(qi)中(zhong)部(bu)分(fen)廠(chang)商(shang)正(zheng)在(zai)開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)基(ji)於(yu)運(yun)動(dong)控(kong)製(zhi)引(yin)擎(qing)(MCE)的控製芯片開發其控製器。
結束語
目(mu)前(qian)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用(yong)一(yi)種(zhong)集(ji)成(cheng)設(she)計(ji)平(ping)台(tai),簡(jian)化(hua)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)節(jie)能(neng)家(jia)電(dian)電(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)並(bing)降(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)。設(she)計(ji)平(ping)台(tai)的(de)核(he)心(xin)是(shi)專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)無(wu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)控(kong)製(zhi)芯(xin)片(pian)以(yi)及(ji)配(pei)套(tao)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)控(kong)製(zhi)引(yin)擎(qing)(MCE),該引擎包括實現閉環無傳感器正弦控製必需的所有控製元素,且不同於其它種類的DSP或MCU,無需乏味易錯的軟件編程環節。
- 交流電機的選擇
- 無需軟件的最新無傳感器永磁同步電機控製
- 洗衣機電機的控製選擇
- 專用的無傳感器控製芯片以及配套的運動控製引擎
用於風機、水泵、空調、冰箱、洗衣機、電(dian)梯(ti)和(he)傳(chuan)輸(shu)等(deng)應(ying)用(yong)領(ling)域(yu)的(de)電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)消(xiao)耗(hao)著(zhe)全(quan)球(qiu)半(ban)數(shu)以(yi)上(shang)的(de)電(dian)能(neng),其(qi)中(zhong)大(da)多(duo)采(cai)用(yong)僅(jin)能(neng)簡(jian)單(dan)開(kai)啟(qi)和(he)關(guan)斷(duan)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)高(gao)能(neng)耗(hao)機(ji)電(dian)驅(qu)動(dong)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。僅(jin)在(zai)家(jia)電(dian)應(ying)用(yong)中(zhong)以(yi)變(bian)頻(pin)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)替(ti)代(dai)這(zhe)些(xie)低(di)效(xiao)率(lv)電(dian)機(ji)就(jiu)可(ke)以(yi)削(xue)減(jian)多(duo)達(da)60%的de能neng源yuan消xiao耗hao。大da部bu分fen家jia電dian采cai用yong通tong用yong直zhi流liu電dian機ji或huo單dan相xiang交jiao流liu感gan應ying電dian機ji,其qi速su度du控kong製zhi方fang法fa相xiang當dang粗cu略lve,要yao麼me采cai用yong開kai斷duan控kong製zhi,要yao麼me依yi靠kao可ke控kong矽gui控kong製zhi導dao通tong相xiang角jiao,其qi典dian型xing係xi統tong效xiao率lv最zui高gao也ye就jiu能neng達da到dao50%左右。不過,隨著高效功率器件和先進數字控製器的問世,將更具效率的電機和控製技術應用於最新家電已經成為可能。
交流電機的選擇
任(ren)何(he)交(jiao)流(liu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)軸(zhou)端(duan)輸(shu)出(chu)力(li)矩(ju)都(dou)取(qu)決(jue)於(yu)定(ding)子(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)間(jian)的(de)耦(ou)合(he)角(jiao)。定(ding)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu)電(dian)流(liu)的(de)磁(ci)化(hua)力(li)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)氣(qi)隙(xi)磁(ci)通(tong)相(xiang)互(hu)作(zuo)用(yong)產(chan)生(sheng)力(li)矩(ju),該(gai)力(li)矩(ju)趨(qu)於(yu)將(jiang)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)與(yu)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)場(chang)對(dui)齊(qi),當(dang)定(ding)子(zi)磁(ci)化(hua)電(dian)流(liu)矢(shi)量(liang)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)矢(shi)量(liang)相(xiang)位(wei)錯(cuo)開(kai)90° shi,gailijudadaozuidazhi。zaizhiliudianjizhong,yongcitigudingbudong,youhuanxiangqihedianshuadeqiehuanzuoyongquebaodianshucichangyudingzicijizhengqueduiqi。zaijiaoliudianjizhong,qixicichangxuanzhuan,buguo,zhiyaodingzihezhuanzicichangdexuanzhuanpinlvbaochitongburengjiukeyichanshenghengdingliju。
交流電機具有兩種主要類型:同步電機和感應式電機(也通常稱作異步電機)。zaitongbujiaoliudianjizhong,zhuanzicichangyouzhuanziraozuzhongdezhiliudianliuhuozheyouyongcitichansheng,weichanshenghengdingliju,dingzidianliubixuyuzhuanzijiaoduhexuanzhuanpinlvbaochitongbu。zaiganyingshidianjizhong,zhuanzicichangyoudingzitongguobianyaqixiaoyingzaizhuanzizhongchanshengdeganyingdianliuxingcheng,yinci,dingzihezhuanzicichangdepinlvkezixingtongbu。ganyingshidianjijingzhishi,yuzhuanzixianquanouhedecitongyudingzicichangtongpin,yinerzhuanzidianliuyeyudingzidianliutongpin;感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)轉(zhuan)動(dong)時(shi),轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)的(de)耦(ou)合(he)頻(pin)率(lv)是(shi)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)與(yu)轉(zhuan)子(zi)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)差(cha)值(zhi),即(ji)所(suo)謂(wei)的(de)滑(hua)差(cha)頻(pin)率(lv),如(ru)果(guo)電(dian)機(ji)以(yi)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan),則(ze)轉(zhuan)子(zi)磁(ci)通(tong)恒(heng)定(ding),無(wu)法(fa)感(gan)生(sheng)轉(zhuan)子(zi)電(dian)流(liu),因(yin)而(er)力(li)矩(ju)輸(shu)出(chu)為(wei)零(ling)。感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)總(zong)是(shi)以(yi)略(lve)低(di)於(yu)定(ding)子(zi)頻(pin)率(lv)的(de)某(mou)種(zhong)轉(zhuan)速(su)運(yun)行(xing),如(ru)果(guo)負(fu)載(zai)增(zeng)加(jia),則(ze)轉(zhuan)速(su)下(xia)降(jiang),滑(hua)差(cha)頻(pin)率(lv)升(sheng)高(gao),從(cong)而(er)感(gan)生(sheng)出(chu)更(geng)大(da)的(de)轉(zhuan)子(zi)電(dian)流(liu)以(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)更(geng)高(gao)的(de)力(li)矩(ju)。
ganyingshidianjiguangfanyingyongyugongyehejiayongdianqidenglingyu,youqishizaixuyaogudingsududechanghe。ganyingshidianjidezhongyaoyoushizaiyukezhijiejierujiaoliudianwangbingqidongyunxing。fanzhi,tongbudianjizaijierujiaoliudianwangzhiqian,qikaihuanshuchudianyadefuzhihepinlvbixuyudianwangchongfenpipei。daxingtongbudianjizhengpubianyingyongyufadianlingyu,erqietongyigonggongdianwangzhonghuijieruduotaifadianji。
在變頻應用中,為驅動係統選擇電機是非顯性的。感應式電機的逆變驅動廣泛采用開環電壓/pinlvdesudukongzhifangan。ruguocaiyongsuduchuanganqi,yeyoukenengshixianganyingshidianjidebihuankongzhi,jitongguogaibiandianjidehuachapinlvyikongzhidianjichanshengdeliju。raner,youyuzhuanzidianliuwufaceliangyijizhuanzidianlushijianchangshuhenda,yinerhennanshixianganyingshidianjidegaodongtaikongzhi。 與之相反,隻要知道轉子的角位置,就能夠十分方便地實現同步電機的高動態力矩控製。
永磁同步電機(Permanent magnet synchronous machines ,簡稱PMSM)在(zai)工(gong)業(ye)伺(si)服(fu)領(ling)域(yu)已(yi)經(jing)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)年(nian)。由(you)於(yu)采(cai)用(yong)永(yong)磁(ci)轉(zhuan)子(zi),因(yin)而(er)這(zhe)種(zhong)電(dian)機(ji)十(shi)分(fen)高(gao)效(xiao),與(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)尺(chi)寸(cun)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi),能(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)供(gong)高(gao)得(de)多(duo)的(de)連(lian)續(xu)力(li)矩(ju)。然(ran)而(er),需(xu)要(yao)以(yi)霍(huo)耳(er)效(xiao)應(ying)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)或(huo)者(zhe)旋(xuan)轉(zhuan)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)等(deng)位(wei)置(zhi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)檢(jian)測(ce)其(qi)軸(zhou)角(jiao)位(wei)置(zhi),這(zhe)種(zhong)對(dui)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)位(wei)置(zhi)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)的(de)需(xu)求(qiu)曾(zeng)使(shi)其(qi)應(ying)用(yong)僅(jin)僅(jin)局(ju)限(xian)於(yu)高(gao)端(duan)工(gong)業(ye)驅(qu)動(dong)領(ling)域(yu),但(dan)是(shi)近(jin)些(xie)年(nian)發(fa)展(zhan)起(qi)來(lai)的(de)“無傳感器”控製算法已使其在家電領域的應用不斷增加。
壓ya縮suo機ji速su度du控kong製zhi是shi永yong磁ci同tong步bu電dian機ji進jin入ru家jia電dian領ling域yu的de最zui初chu應ying用yong之zhi一yi。用yong於yu空kong調tiao和he冰bing箱xiang的de傳chuan統tong壓ya縮suo機ji采cai用yong依yi靠kao電dian網wang頻pin率lv運yun行xing於yu固gu定ding速su度du的de感gan應ying式shi電dian機ji,壓ya縮suo機ji尺chi寸cun必bi須xu滿man足zu開kai機ji後hou的de最zui大da負fu載zai狀zhuang況kuang,但dan是shi在zai正zheng常chang運yun行xing中zhong,要yao維wei持chi設she定ding溫wen度du,壓ya縮suo機ji就jiu得de以yi相xiang當dang低di的de占zhan空kong比bi循xun環huan斷duan續xu工gong作zuo。然ran而er,采cai用yong壓ya縮suo機ji速su度du控kong製zhi後hou,就jiu可ke以yi為wei正zheng常chang運yun行xing選xuan取qu最zui有you效xiao的de工gong作zuo速su度du。僅jin采cai用yong速su度du控kong製zhi這zhe一yi項xiang就jiu可ke以yi使shi功gong效xiao提ti高gao30%以上,另外,由於永磁電機具備更高的效率,因而還能額外提高15%功效。如今,在關注能源成本的區域市場,如日本等,幾乎90%的空調和超過50%的家用冰箱都已采用壓縮機速度控製。

最(zui)初(chu)的(de)無(wu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)控(kong)製(zhi)器(qi)采(cai)用(yong)六(liu)拍(pai)換(huan)相(xiang)相(xiang)序(xu)驅(qu)動(dong)電(dian)機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu),並(bing)通(tong)過(guo)監(jian)測(ce)開(kai)路(lu)繞(rao)組(zu)的(de)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)估(gu)計(ji)轉(zhuan)子(zi)位(wei)置(zhi)。該(gai)方(fang)法(fa)可(ke)以(yi)提(ti)供(gong)高(gao)魯(lu)棒(bang)性(xing)的(de)速(su)度(du)控(kong)製(zhi),但(dan)是(shi)無(wu)法(fa)提(ti)供(gong)平(ping)滑(hua)的(de)電(dian)機(ji)力(li)矩(ju)。其(qi)首(shou)要(yao)原(yuan)因(yin)是(shi):采用六拍換相相序時,要產生恒定力矩,電機就必須具備梯形反電勢波形,而不是通常的正弦波形;qici,gengdadewentizaiyuhuanxiangguochengzhongdianliuqiehuanzhihouxuraozushisuoyinrudelijubodong。youyudianjifandianshihuijiasutuichuxiangdedianliushuaijian,bingfangaijinruxiangdedianliushangsheng,yineryunxingsuduyuegao,wentiyebiandeyuezao。dianjilijubodongdegaojiexiebochengfenrongyiyinqixitongdejixiegongzhen,huizaifengji、洗衣機、水泵和空調中產生音頻噪聲。然而,這種控製器十分簡單,便於實現,所以仍舊在不需要平滑力矩控製的場合中有所采用。
由於采用基於DSP和RISC的低成本控製器能夠實現更為複雜的控製算法,因而另一種可選的無傳感器控製方案近年來變得流行起來。“最新無傳感器”kongzhiyunxuyizhengxiandianyahedianliuboxingqudongyongcitongbudianji,bingyidianjidianliudeceliangzhiweijichugujizhuanziweizhi,gaisuanfakeyiyouxiaoditigonghengdingliju,qiemeiyouqianmiantidaodeliupaikongzhiqisuodaiyoudeyinpinzaoshengwenti。lingwai,gaisuanfakeyiyouxinxingkongzhiqiyingjianjiegoushixian,bingqiewuxurenheruanjianbianmajiunengyouxiaodishixianfuzakongzhi。zhuanyongjichengshejipingtaidehexinshizuixindewuchuanganqikongzhiqi,yiweiraokongzhihegonglvdianziyuanjiandefujiajichenggongnengdengnantiweizhongdian,bansuijianrongxinpiansheji,keyiwanchenggaipingtaishejifangfa,qizhongdianbaokuokeyiweishuzikongzhixinpianhegonglvjizhijiantigongbiyaolianjiedesanxiangnibianqiqudongxinpianhegaoyadianliuchuanganxinpian。
[page]無需軟件的最新無傳感器永磁同步電機控製
最新無傳感器算法基於如圖1所(suo)示(shi)的(de)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)簡(jian)化(hua)模(mo)型(xing),電(dian)機(ji)繞(rao)組(zu)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)波(bo)形(xing)為(wei)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)度(du)的(de)正(zheng)弦(xian)函(han)數(shu),因(yin)而(er)能(neng)夠(gou)用(yong)於(yu)測(ce)量(liang)轉(zhuan)子(zi)角(jiao)度(du)。通(tong)過(guo)測(ce)量(liang)外(wai)加(jia)定(ding)子(zi)電(dian)壓(ya)時(shi)流(liu)入(ru)定(ding)子(zi)線(xian)圈(quan)的(de)電(dian)流(liu)可(ke)以(yi)計(ji)算(suan)反(fan)電(dian)勢(shi)。為(wei)簡(jian)化(hua)數(shu)學(xue)運(yun)算(suan),可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用(yong) Clarke變換將三相電路變換為兩相等效模型,這樣就可以用轉子角度的正弦和餘弦函數表示反電勢,其等效電路可以由以下方程描述:

為wei提ti取qu轉zhuan子zi角jiao度du,可ke以yi對dui反fan電dian勢shi項xiang進jin行xing積ji分fen以yi計ji算suan轉zhuan子zi磁ci通tong,該gai磁ci通tong與yu速su度du無wu關guan。最zui後hou,由you於yu正zheng弦xian和he餘yu弦xian磁ci通tong項xiang的de比bi例li與yu磁ci通tong的de幅fu值zhi無wu關guan,因yin而er可ke用yong來lai精jing確que估gu計ji轉zhuan子zi的de角jiao度du和he速su度du。
角度估計是實現控製算法的關鍵環節,不過,要實現圖2zhongyijiegoutumiaoshudekongzhixitongrengxuyaoxuduoqitagongneng。gaikongzhiqiyouyigesuduwaihuanheyigedingzidianliuneihuangoucheng,keyifenbiechanshengcankaolijuhuozhekongzhishijiayuraozudedianya。dingzidianliukongzhihuanyouxuanzhuancankaozuobiaoxizhongdecichangdingxiangkongzhi(Field Oriented Control,簡稱 FOC)技術實現,矢量以轉子角度為函數旋轉,將定子電流變換為兩個準直流分量ID和IQ。IQ電流分量與轉子磁通正交並產生力矩,其參考值來自速度環輸出。ID電流與轉子磁通對齊,可以增強或削弱轉子磁通。在多數速度範圍內ID給定值為零,不過,如果需要擴展到恒功率速度範圍,則可以通過ID設定實現弱磁控製,這對於洗衣機等需要很高旋轉速度的應用非常有用。
無傳感器磁場定向控製算法能夠以全新的控製器體係結構實現。圖2中所示控製係統的每個功能都可以用硬件宏模塊實現,而不是軟件。諸如比例積分控製、矢量旋轉和Clarke變換等功能可共用於所有交流電機控製係統。如圖3所示,運動控製引擎(Motion Control Engine)庫中包含交流電機控製模塊和其它通用模塊。獲取電機控製芯片,就能夠取得MCE庫,以及模擬輸入和空間矢量PWM控製等功能。開發人員可以使用圖形工具將元件從MCE庫拖入自己的控製係統設計,然後利用圖形編譯器將控製設計翻譯為MCExuliezhiling,yizhengqueshunxulianjieyingjianhongmokuaicongershixianzijidekongzhixitong。gaifangfakeyibubizaikaifaguochengzhongjinxingruanjianbianma,jinengjieshengshijian,younengjianshaocuowu。
洗衣機電機的控製選擇
精(jing)確(que)控(kong)製(zhi)滾(gun)筒(tong)轉(zhuan)速(su)對(dui)於(yu)控(kong)製(zhi)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)和(he)波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)的(de)洗(xi)滌(di)動(dong)作(zuo)都(dou)十(shi)分(fen)重(zhong)要(yao)。滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)已(yi)經(jing)在(zai)歐(ou)洲(zhou)使(shi)用(yong)了(le)很(hen)多(duo)年(nian),而(er)且(qie)目(mu)前(qian)在(zai)北(bei)美(mei)也(ye)變(bian)得(de)越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)流(liu)行(xing)起(qi)來(lai)。波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)要(yao)求(qiu)衣(yi)物(wu)完(wan)全(quan)浸(jin)沒(mei)於(yu)水(shui)中(zhong),而(er)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji)的(de)摔(shuai)打(da)作(zuo)用(yong)隻(zhi)需(xu)要(yao)在(zai)滾(gun)筒(tong)底(di)部(bu)裝(zhuang)水(shui),這(zhe)樣(yang)可(ke)以(yi)顯(xian)著(zhu)降(jiang)低(di)用(yong)水(shui)量(liang),並(bing)從(cong)根(gen)本(ben)上(shang)節(jie)約(yue)加(jia)熱(re)洗(xi)滌(di)用(yong)水(shui)所(suo)需(xu)的(de)能(neng)源(yuan)。
在滾筒式洗衣機中,決定洗滌動作的關鍵因素是滾筒轉速。滾筒的臨界轉速取決於滾筒半徑,高於該轉速時,衣物會貼在滾筒壁上;處於該轉速時,旋轉產生的離心力恰好與衣物的重力平衡;diyugaizhuansushi,yiwujiangtiezaiguntongbishang,zhidaoyanbanjingfangxiangdezhonglifenliangchaoguolixinli,yidanshengzhigaijiaodu,yiwujiuhuizhuiluodaoguntongdibu。youyuguntongzhuansukejuedingyiwudexidilidu,yinerkeyiweijingxizhiwuxuanzeqingroudexidixunhuanfangshi。zaichuantongdebolunshixiyijizhong,youshiyongchilunxiangheliheqidejixiejiegouchanshengjiaodongzuoyong,yiner,yinruzhuansukongzhixitongbujinnenggoujianhuajixiexitong,erqienenggoukongzhixidixunhuan。kongzhixididongzuodezhuansuhejiaodukeyishixitongshejirenyuangenghaodichulixidizuoyong,congerkaifachugengjieshuidexidixunhuanfangshi。
前麵描述的許多電機轉速控製選項都可以應用於洗衣機。歐洲的滾筒式洗衣機不使用交流電機,而是使用一種通用的“有刷”電機,而美國的洗衣機使用較大的滾筒尺寸,因而其電機的功率範圍需超出通用電機方案。

雖(sui)然(ran)目(mu)前(qian)仍(reng)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)三(san)相(xiang)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji),但(dan)是(shi)近(jin)年(nian)來(lai)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)正(zheng)逐(zhu)步(bu)成(cheng)為(wei)首(shou)選(xuan)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)。感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)磁(ci)場(chang)來(lai)自(zi)電(dian)流(liu),且(qie)必(bi)須(xu)由(you)定(ding)子(zi)勵(li)磁(ci)電(dian)流(liu)分(fen)量(liang)產(chan)生(sheng),為(wei)產(chan)生(sheng)力(li)矩(ju),電(dian)流(liu)需(xu)同(tong)時(shi)流(liu)經(jing)定(ding)子(zi)和(he)轉(zhuan)子(zi)繞(rao)組(zu),其(qi)總(zong)銅(tong)損(sun)為(wei)永(yong)磁(ci)電(dian)機(ji)的(de)兩(liang)倍(bei)以(yi)上(shang)。 由(you)於(yu)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)比(bi)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)更(geng)高(gao)效(xiao),因(yin)而(er)與(yu)相(xiang)同(tong)功(gong)率(lv)等(deng)級(ji)的(de)感(gan)應(ying)式(shi)電(dian)機(ji)相(xiang)比(bi),鋼(gang)鐵(tie)和(he)銅(tong)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)量(liang)更(geng)少(shao)。在(zai)過(guo)去(qu)幾(ji)年(nian)中(zhong),全(quan)球(qiu)銅(tong)價(jia)和(he)鋼(gang)鐵(tie)價(jia)格(ge)幾(ji)乎(hu)翻(fan)了(le)一(yi)倍(bei),與(yu)此(ci)同(tong)時(shi),磁(ci)性(xing)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)成(cheng)本(ben)卻(que)在(zai)下(xia)降(jiang)。如(ru)此(ci)看(kan)來(lai),永(yong)磁(ci)不(bu)僅(jin)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)高(gao)效(xiao),而(er)且(qie)目(mu)前(qian)也(ye)意(yi)味(wei)著(zhe)不(bu)再(zai)昂(ang)貴(gui)。許(xu)多(duo)家(jia)電(dian)製(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)正(zheng)在(zai)將(jiang)永(yong)磁(ci)同(tong)步(bu)電(dian)機(ji)解(jie)決(jue)方(fang)案(an)用(yong)於(yu)波(bo)輪(lun)式(shi)和(he)滾(gun)筒(tong)式(shi)洗(xi)衣(yi)機(ji),其(qi)中(zhong)部(bu)分(fen)廠(chang)商(shang)正(zheng)在(zai)開(kai)始(shi)采(cai)用(yong)基(ji)於(yu)運(yun)動(dong)控(kong)製(zhi)引(yin)擎(qing)(MCE)的控製芯片開發其控製器。
結束語
目(mu)前(qian)可(ke)以(yi)利(li)用(yong)一(yi)種(zhong)集(ji)成(cheng)設(she)計(ji)平(ping)台(tai),簡(jian)化(hua)先(xian)進(jin)的(de)節(jie)能(neng)家(jia)電(dian)電(dian)機(ji)驅(qu)動(dong)應(ying)用(yong)的(de)設(she)計(ji)過(guo)程(cheng)並(bing)降(jiang)低(di)成(cheng)本(ben)。設(she)計(ji)平(ping)台(tai)的(de)核(he)心(xin)是(shi)專(zhuan)用(yong)的(de)無(wu)傳(chuan)感(gan)器(qi)控(kong)製(zhi)芯(xin)片(pian)以(yi)及(ji)配(pei)套(tao)的(de)運(yun)動(dong)控(kong)製(zhi)引(yin)擎(qing)(MCE),該引擎包括實現閉環無傳感器正弦控製必需的所有控製元素,且不同於其它種類的DSP或MCU,無需乏味易錯的軟件編程環節。
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